TIP OF THE DAY Funny choices are usually wrong.
INFORMATION FOR TODAY:
ATTACHMENT THEORY Psychoanalytic theory defines attachment in terms of
the satisfaction of oral needs while learning theorists add the aspect
of reinforcement.
Harlow's research with monkeys and their need for contact comfort played
an important role in the early development of attachment theory.
John Bolby's idea of critical periods explains the biological
predisposition humans have that increases the likelihood of forming
attachments. An infant is programmed to cry and smile while adults are
programmed to respond to the infant. During the first few months of the
child's life, such attachments are indiscriminant. After six or seven
months the attachments become increasingly directed to caregivers. Signs
of attachment include a selective social smile beginning at six months
and the emergence of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. * Stranger
anxiety - Very anxious and fearful of strangers at six months. Typically
disappears by age two. * Separation anxiety - Severe distress when
separated from primary caregiver beginning at six to eight months. Peaks
in intensity at 14-18 months, continues until about age two, then
diminishes.
Patterns of Attachment (Ainsworth: "The strange situation")
* Secure Attachment - A securely attached infant is mildly upset by the
mother's absence and actively seeks contact with her when she returns.
Mothers of securely attached children are emotionally sensitive and
responsive. * Insecure (Anxious/Ambivalent) Attachment - The infant
becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger but is ambivalent
to mother's return and may resist her attempts at physical contact.
Mothers of these children are often moody and inconsistent in their
caretaking. * Insecure (Anxious/Avoidant) Attachment - The child shows
little distress when the mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.
Mothers of these children are impatient and unresponsive or provide
their children with too much stimulation. * Disorganized/Disoriented
Attachment - Fear of their caretakers, confused facial expressions and a
variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors mark these children.
Eighty percent of infants who have been mistreated by their caregivers
exhibit this pattern.
Early attachment seems to affect subsequent development. By ages four
to five children who were securely attached as infants are usually more
curious, more popular with peers and less dependent on adults. As adults
they have high self-esteem and a strong sense of personal identity
although it does not appear that insecure attachment in infancy is
necessarily linked with poor social adjustment or adulthood
psychopathology. Children usually develop the same kind of attachment to
both parents. Attachment to the father is usually a function of play,
and there is some evidence that fathers have closer relationships to
sons than to daughters. Fathers also stay home more when they have sons.
Prolonged Separation - Children separated from the mother prior to three
months of age show negative consequences ranging from little to none.
Those separated at nine months exhibit moderate to extreme reactions
including feeding and sleeping problems, social withdrawal, increased
stranger anxiety and either physical rejection or extreme attachment to
the new mother. Early institutionalization has the most negative impact
when separation of the mother and child occurs in the second half of the
first year. In this case the infant may develop anaclitic depression, a
syndrome involving developmental delays, unresponsiveness and social
withdrawal. Adverse effects are reduced if the child is given adequate
attention and affection. In general, the longer the
institutionalization, the greater are the effects.
Stages of Prolonged Separation (Bolby) * Protest: refuses to accept
separation, demonstrated by crying, kicking and screaming * Despair:
gives up all hope and withdraws * Detachment: seems less unhappy,
accepts attention from others, may react with disinterest when visited
by the caretaker
QUESTION OF THE DAY: Who was most responsible for expounding upon the
theory of transformational grammar? (a) Mark Aronoff. (b) Michael Brody.
(c) Noam Chomsky. (d) Howard Lasnick.
C
It's in there,
Linton
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